Which of the following can issue a notice to appear in lieu of detention?

The issuance of a notice to appear in lieu of detention is primarily an authority held by a judge. This is because a judge has the legal power to determine how an individual's case is managed following an arrest. The notice to appear allows the arrestee to present themselves in court at a later date instead of being held in custody. This approach helps manage jail populations and provides individuals with an opportunity to address their legal situation in a structured manner.

While police officers have the authority to arrest, they typically do not have the final say in whether a notice to appear is issued as an alternative to detention; they may suggest or request it based on the circumstances, but they cannot make the final decision on behalf of the judicial system. The other options, like the arrestee or a magistrate, do not hold the authority to officially issue such notices in the context outlined in the question.